Biology 202 Test 2 Study Guide

 

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

1.          You need to know the general pathway by which lymph flows from the time that tissue fluid is formed until the time that the lymph is returned into the cardiovascular system. You should include the following structures: interstitial fluid, lymph, lymphatic capillaries, afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks, right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, and subclavian veins. Know the function of these structures.

2.          You should know the various concentrations of lymph nodes and what structures these various nodes receive lymph from.

3.          You should know the basic functions of lymph nodes, thymus gland, and the spleen.

4.          Be able to differentiate between: a pathogen and an allergen, specific and nonspecific defense, cellular immune response and humoral immune response, primary immune response and secondary immune response, and an antigen and an antibody.

5.          Be able to distinguish between the following types of nonspecific defenses:  species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis.

6.          Be able to describe the inflammatory process in detail and know the four signs associated with inflammation.

7.          Be able to complete a description of the immune response in a fill-in-the-blank format. You should be familiar with the terms: B lymphocyte, Plasma cell, Helper T cell, Cytotoxic (Killer) T cell, Macrophage, Memory T cell, antigen, and antibody.

8.          Be able to distinguish between the major immunoglobulins ( antibodies) listed in table 16.6 on page 667.

9.          Understand what an allergic reaction is, what autoimmunity is, and what causes a tissue rejection reaction.

10.      Be familiar with the autoimmune disorders listed in figure 16.10 on page 675.

 

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

11.      Be able to distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion.

12.      Be able to follow the pathway of food transport through the alimentary canal from it’s introduction into the mouth until the waste materials are eliminated by way of the anal opening ( in detail).

13.      Be able to distinguish between the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal as far as structure and function.

14.      Be familiar with the following types of movement and where they occur: peristalsis, mixing movements, segmentation, and peristaltic rush.

15.      Know the action of the following digestive substances and where they are produced and secreted: amylase, gastric juice, ( pepsinogen, HCL, pepsin and intrinsic factor), pancreatic juice, ( amylase,lipase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase and nuclease) and bile.

16.      Understand the action of the hormones that activate and deactivate the secretions of the digestive tract including: gastrin, cholecystokinin, intestinal somatostatin, and secretin.

17.       You should know the function of the following: Teeth, salivary glands, tongue, tonsils, uvula, pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach ( including cardiac and pyloric sphincters), duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, jejunum, ileum, illeocecal valve, cecum, appendix, all portions of the colon, rectum, and anus.

18.      You should be familiar with the following disorders: acid reflux, ulcer, hepatitis, dental caries, peritonitis, and the various disorders of the large intestine.

 

NUTRITION and METABOLISM

1.         Know the terms macronutrients, micronutrients, and essential nutrients.

 2.         Understand how the terms Metabolism, Anabolism, and Catabolism relate to the
             state of Energy Balance within the body.

 3.         Understand what is meant by Dynamic Equilibrium as it applies to the level of
             Nitrogen within the body.

 4.         Understand the terms Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Mass Index. Be able to
             calculate the BMI for a person when given their height and weight.

 5.         Know the importance of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins in the diet, the
             relative amount of energy ( in Calories) which is contained in each, and the
             suggested amount of each of these as a component of our diet.

 6.         Understand what effect insulin, leptin, melanocortin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin
             have on controlling apetite and eating.

 7.         Know the terms hydrolysis, beta oxidation, and deamination as the pertain to food
             utilization.

 8.         Understand the difference between overweight and obese.

 9.         Know the function, sources, and results of deficiencies of the fat-soluable
             vitamins A, D, E, and K.

 10.       Know the functions, sources, and results of deficiencies of the water-soluable
             B vitamins and vitamin C.

 11.       Know the functions, sources, and results of deficiencies of the following Calcium,
             Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Iodine, and Chromium.

 12.       Be able to recognize the various foods that occupy the levels within a food
             pyramid.

 13.       Understand the difference between primary and secondary malnutrition,
             marasmus and kwashiorkor, anorexia nervosa and bulimia.